天麻属——广东省兰科植物一新记录属(英文)

报道广东兰科植物一新记录属——天麻属(Gastrodia R.Br.),提供北插天天麻(G.peichatieniana S.S.Ying)的详细形态描述及照片,该种原记录仅分布于中国台湾。     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant,Gastrodia elata

Genetic characterization of germplasm resource is essential for the conservation and efficient utilization of a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Gastrodia elata. Thirty‐two primer pairs flanking microsatellite repeats were designed and tested using 32 individuals from eight wild populations. A total of 13 microsatellite loci were found highly polymorphic, with three to 10 alleles per locus and gene diversity ranging from 0.400 to 0.841. These microsatellites have been directly applied to the ongoing population and conservation genetics studies.     

Metabolomic Profile by GC/MS and Antioxidant,Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Green Solvent Extracts of Heterospathe elata Leaves

Plants are the prime source of phytoconstituents that can act as potent agents for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Heterospathe elata is a plant belonging to the Arecaceae family having numerous medicinal properties. The present study was undertaken to prepare crude extracts of Heterospathe elata leaves with solvents of different polarity dimethyl carbonate (DMC), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), hydro alcohol (HYA) and water (WTR) by using successive Soxhlet extraction method. Further, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed by the spectrophotometric method and possible bioactive phytoconstituents from the hydro alcohol extract of Heterospathe elata leaves using GC/MS. In our study, it was found that the GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of nineteen bioactive phytoconstituents. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the water extract. In antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity highest potential was shown by hydro alcohol extract and the lowest was in the dimethyl carbonate extract. These findings support the Heterospathe elata leaves showed the high biological potential attributed to a high amount of bioactive phytoconstituents and could be utilized as value-added functional food and medicine.     

蜜环菌和天麻共生营养关系的放射性自显影研究

本文利用3H-葡萄糖以打孔浇灌法标记天麻。用标记的天麻伴栽蜜环菌,追踪标记化合物是否存在蜜环菌中。显微放射自显影的结果表明：天麻自身能吸收标记物,同化的标记物其长距离运输靠天麻的纵向维管组织进行。天麻表皮外的蜜环菌菌索的光镜、电镜自显影显示,蜜环菌能从天麻中获取营养,蜜环菌和天麻之间存在营养物质的相互交流,菌麻之间存在着特殊的共生关系。     

天麻大型细胞消化蜜环菌过程中溶酶体小泡的作用

蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea Fr.)菌丝由天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)皮层细胞经纹孔侵入大型细胞。初期大型细胞的原生质膜凹陷,同时细胞壁产生乳突状加厚阻止菌丝侵入。当菌丝侵入大型细胞以后,凹陷的质膜将菌丝紧密包围,大量由单位膜围成的小泡聚集在其周围。随后这些小泡的膜与质膜融合并将其内含物释放到菌丝周围的空间中,凹陷质膜逐渐膨大成为一个包围菌丝的消化泡。小泡和消化泡中均具酸性磷酸酶活性反应产物,证实其分别相当于植物溶酶体系统中的初级和次级溶酶体。菌丝在消化泡中被彻底消化。     

Cytodifferentiation of the Seeds (Protocorms) and Vegetative Propagation Corms Colonized by Mycorrhizal Fungi

The stipecell, subepidermal parenchyma cells and inner cortical parenchyma cells were differentiated from Gastrodia elata Bl. seed and protocorm cells when they were colonized by the fungal hyphae of Mycena osmundicola Lange and M. orchidicola Fan et Guo. The hyphae aggregated in the suspensor remnant surrounding stipecell, primarily penetrated the stipecell, and then colonized the embryo of seed. Stipecell is the unique invading site of the hyphae. Subepidermal parenchyma cells containing pelotons of hyphae is also a kind of passage cells of hyphae, but, when primarily colonized by hyphae, they can degenerate a little of hyphae. The hyphae colonizing inner cortical parenchyma cells were totally degenerated, and the function of inner ocrtical parenchyma cells is digestive. The vegetative propagation corms, which differentiated from protocorms, were recolonized by Armilariella mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Karst., and the hyphae of A. mellea and M. osmundicola were found in the same cell, but there is a layer of cells uncolonized by mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. This means the two fungal species can not crisscross colonize the cell of G. elata.     

基于HPLC—MS的西藏天麻的化学成分分析与品质鉴定

目的：天麻具有许多药理作用和重要开发价值,通过探索天麻的未知化学成分和鉴定西藏天麻种群的品质,为深入研究、开发和利用西藏优良天麻种群提供科学技术支持。方法：本研究采用HLPC．MS（液质联用）技术测定西藏天麻的化学成分;采用高效液相色谱技术测定西藏6个天麻种群的生化指纹图谱,利用天麻素峰面积、数学公式和SPSS软件,计算和比较西藏6个天麻种群的平均天麻素含量和各种化学成分分离峰的总面。结果：从天麻块茎中发现了33个未报道的化学物质;西藏天麻的生化指纹图谱具有7个较大的共有特征分离峰,分别位于1．854、2．759、7．279、7．591、8．500、9．557、10．753min;根据生化指纹图谱特征可将它们分为三个主要类型;凡是带有一型生化指纹图谱的天麻个体和种群往往舍有更高的天麻素和更大的分离峰总面积。品质更优良。结论：西藏天麻种群3和种群6以一型生化指纹图谱为主,其天麻素含量最高,分离峰总面积最大,品质最优良,具有重要研究、开发和保护价值。本研究成果对于天麻的化学成分分析与鉴定、天麻种群和品质鉴定与评价以及西藏天麻的品种选优、资源保护与利用具有重要指导意义和科学价值。     

天麻酯溶性酚性成分对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

为探讨天麻酯溶性酚性成分对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注的保护作用,本实验采用线栓法复制了大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,以神经学评分、脑梗塞体积、脑组织内水分含量、脑组织内钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CaMKⅡ)表达作为评价指标,考察天麻酯溶性酚性成分的作用,结果表明天麻酯溶性酚性成分能够明显改善模型动物的神经病学症状,缩小脑梗塞体积,减轻脑水肿,调节CaMKⅡ的表达水平。说明天麻酯溶性酚性成分在防治大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤方面具有明显作用。     

药用植物天麻（Gastrodia elata Bl.）的等位酶遗传变异及其变型间的遗传关系

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳,对湖北西部药用植物天麻（Gastrodia elata Bl.）的4种变型进行了等位酶遗传变异的初步分析。在6个酶系统共检测到17个清晰位点和37个等位基因,其中多态位点11个,位点最大等位基因数为4,位点Acp-4和Prx-2的等位基因表现出变型特异性。遗传多样性分析结果表明：天麻在物种水平维持着较高遗传多样性,平均多态位点比率P=56.3%,每位点平均等位基因数A=2.1,平均预期杂合度He=0.222;但其变型水平遗传多样性较低（P=42.2%,A=1.7,He=0.146）,其中乌天麻遗传多样性最高,药天麻最低。天麻变型间遗传分化系数（GST）达0.3595,平均基因流（Nm）仅为0.4450,说明天麻变型间遗传分化较大,缺乏基因交流。聚类分析结果表明,天麻居群以变型为单元优先聚类而非地域优先聚类,揭示各天麻变型在遗传上是相对独立的进化显著单元,支持天麻种内变型的划分。红天麻与乌天麻两变型最为近缘,火天麻与药天麻两类群有着较近的遗传关系。     

西藏兰科植物1新记录属和2新记录种

该文报道了西藏兰科1个新记录属——坛花兰属(Acanthephippium) 及其新记录种——锥囊坛花兰(Acanthephippium striatum Lindl),另1西藏新记录种为夏天麻(Gastrodia flavilabella S. S. Ying)。锥囊坛花兰与同属的中华坛花兰［A. gougahense (Guillaumin) Seidenfaden］和坛花兰(A. sylhetense Lindl. Gen)相近,主要区别在于后两者唇盘肉质增厚且萼囊宽而短钝。夏天麻植株形态类似于南天麻［G. javanica (Bl.) Lindl］,后者花苞片宿存,为三角形;根状茎上不具珊瑚状根;唇盘基部爪上的胼胝体非球形。文中对新记录1属和2种兰科植物进行了描述,并附有新记录的特征照片,丰富了该区野生兰科植物本底资源。同时根据IUCN的评价标准,对其濒危等级进行了评估认定,提出了保护等级的建议。凭证标本保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室(XZE)。